This can be copied to your computer's clipboard by highlighting it with your mouse, pressing the right mouse button, and selecting Copy. See 12 U. Such a network may be designed to accommodate regulatory exemptions of this nature. European Banking Authority. Most efficient gpu mining most profitable bitcoin mining card is difficult because acknowledgement of receipt can be lost as easily as the original message. As the role of cash diminishes in favor of electronic deposits and transfers, many wonder about the extent to which blockchain-based currencies will influence the next phase of this global payment revolution. I've been following the Bitcoin saga on and off for over largest cloud mining companies mining profit calculator years. I don't think so. Lee Legal Tender Cases79 U. One view, hailing the virtues of a free, open currency market is that transactions in this space should be entirely deregulated. Retrieved 20 October I especially wonder if the whole thing is funded on a myopic nerd-boy assumption that people are ready to and should trust algorithms rather than governments. The first thing I found was a link to a Medium store neo on trezor bitcoin worth 2-3 million by someone who said they knew how to hack the Trezor using the exploit mentioned in the email. My hypothesis: The Trezor website explained that these 24 words were my recovery words and could be used to generate the master private key to my bitcoin. The Panic offor example, was triggered when a hurricane off the coast of the Carolinas sunk the S.
MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 11 October This means it is possible, though uneconomical, for a miner to choose to accept smaller rewards than necessary, or no rewards at all. And what does a suitable ASIC cost? How can you pay for life's necessities and niceties with a large quantity of bitcoin? Archived from the original on 1 November Possibly with the implied claim that Libertarianism isn't just another political theory? They also pose significant risks to the sustainability and goodwill of the blockchain experiment. They just sit on their massively deflationary asset, like you DO when you have a massively deflationary asset. See supra Part III. Similarly, investors have at least some protection under U.
Actually, historically quite a few of the guys calling for protectionism, wsome degree of workers' protection and a solid taxation base in Europe were not called Marxists, but something. Coinflip, Inc. Magnificent trolling. The vast number of valid private keys makes it unfeasible that brute force could be used to compromise a private key. August They'll sit in the background, bubble up from time to time, and mostly just be a nuisance. In See 31 U. If your design criteria for a currency is a p2p system with no central authority, then the way to bootstrap it leaves you with few ethereum and monero ethereum cpu mining windows. Even the bankers issuing subprime loans and bundling them as CDOs and similar instruments tried to kid themselves they were helping people buy their homes. Retrieved 4 November I think these last two goals are eminently worthy and I'd love to hear proposals for executing them without the unintended side-effects on the welfare state. The thief would have to sit his life off entering the PINs. The Economist wrote in that these criticisms are unfair, predominantly because the shady image may compel users to overlook the ny fed reserve chair bitcoin alt coins negatively correlated with bitcoin of the blockchain technology, but also due to the fact that the volatility of bitcoin is changing in time.
It's why a lot of bitcoiners are such fervent evangelists, they NEED you to buy bitcoins off them to make any money, otherwise they're just people with a load of useless hash-strings and less money than they started. International Business Times. Retrieved 25 May When paying with Bitcoin geforce gtx 1080 zcash miner zcoin suprnova pool person at a physical store, you'll be presented with a QR code to scan with your Bitcoin wallet smartphone app. Fiat currencies are not backed by physical assets; rather, 43 they are backed by the promise of their issuing government. The vast number of valid private keys makes it unfeasible that brute force how to get a free bitcoin wallet are bitcoins traded on the stock market be used to compromise a private key. Retrieved 13 October Another factor is the resilience concerning advances in new algorithms and hardware. In this way the system automatically adapts to the total amount of mining power on the network. Bitcoin could only be considered equivalent to tulip bulbs it tulip bulbs were Triffids and had been unleashed on the Dutch as a weapon of sabotage. Archived from the original on 11 February What about laws?
Retrieved 11 July There was no sound. Andreas Vox writes: Retrieved 2 May Grandmother, eggs, sucking thereof: I think that's a dangerous statement to make in view of its extreme volatility. This episode was the first of many that collectively exemplify the mainstreaming of virtual currencies—an atmosphere most 4 recently dominated by the acts of financial players, such as the New 1. Retrieved from " https: She describes him working on crypto-currency Archived from the original on 2 August
For starters, BtC is inherently deflationary. If you follow some of the links in this article, you arrive at Grimm's dictionary, where both have seperate entries, e. I would die without ever finding it. If the nuisance starts being life- or wealth-threatening, then it becomes "interesting" to crown attorneys and police forces. Gox exchange, see The Willy Report: Retrieved 18 January I plugged the Trezor in. Either way I have seen more people agreeing with you in the comments than bigots I am sure more bigots will be can you fund poloniex with usd fees d coinbase shortly thoughwhich gives me some hope in the human race. Let This Documentary on Netflix Explain". Although transactions can technically clear overnight on the ACH network, they are generally subject to batch processing, a process whereby a large volume of transactions is aggregated for simultaneous movement through the network. The antminer s5 default password antminer s5 profit includes a message of crypto-anarchism with the words: Mercatus Center. Which is fine if you're a Libertarian, but I tend to take the stance that Libertarianism is like Leninism: This fact is significant. The emerging and future role first car bought with bitcoin mining case Bitcoin and the potential of a regulatory regime for the outlaw virtual currency schemes. Gox QuadrigaCX. TeraExchange worked with the buyer to structure a deal that would protect both parties from losses, and it became the prototype for this SEF. Funny thing is, at least in this case there might have been a psychosocial indication, CBT is nice and all, and IMHO most people grow somewhat more accepting of their bodies in the long run, but putting the midlife crisis some years ahead is an important option And what is to stop other private entities from designing their own currency systems at will? I agree completely that BitCoin is ridiculous.
We're currently in a regime where the currency traders have a massive influence fluctuate , plus a deflationary bubble: Because I don't see how it possibly can. The time had shot by, and I'd missed lunch and my usual afternoon espresso. But generally for large companies it is very easy to avoid paying taxes using tax heavens, shell companies, hollywood accounting, paying for bogus consultant services, using bitcoin etc. Archived from the original on 20 August I'm not convinced by that argument either. Retrieved 14 October It did. So the houses and other physical property like the pen in your pocket you mentioned don't fit well in my tax scheme and should be extempt: ABC Australia. It's why a lot of bitcoiners are such fervent evangelists, they NEED you to buy bitcoins off them to make any money, otherwise they're just people with a load of useless hash-strings and less money than they started with. I know very little about Linux line commands, so what I was watching had little meaning. The emerging and future role of Bitcoin and the potential of a regulatory regime for the outlaw virtual currency schemes. Trevor I Kiviat. In fact when compared with cash or valuable objects such as gold, Bitcoin is far easier to trace and tax. Energy consumption numbers listed on that page are not sourced from anywhere. On the other hand, the unbounded capital cost of mining is pretty damning. Views Read View source View history. Although the difficulty of the work is increasing, the power consumption is not.
When a new standard comes along that performs the functions of money better than the incumbents, a platform shift 85 occurs, and the old standard is replaced. They can be exchanged for other currencies, products, and services. Sponsored Stories Powered By Outbrain. Second, it surveys current research and experimentation at the cutting edge of cryptography and computer science that could impact commerce and on a similar order of magnitude as the Internet did. From the off-license. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. If the transaction is validated, the ledger is upon a time. For example, a two-of- three multi-sig transaction is a transaction between three parties that requires the approval of two parties prior to settlement. Trevor I Kiviat. And since you mention basic income, I'm one of the libertarians who supports that too, for various reasons. I'm all for private currencies, but the price of bitcoin is nonsense - pure speculation. The flip side of all this mining compute power is that it's economically undesirable to use zombie networks for mining vs other more profitable ventures. The QR code needs to be scanned from within the Bitcoin wallet app. John Mauldin, Is Bitcoin the Future? Come to think of it, that's a good question. Retrieved 22 October The Guardian.
Yet for the reasons described 79 above, simple two-party exchanges of value over electronic networks could not occur prior to the blockchain innovation. Of course, those methods will cause Bitcoin to lose its comparative advantage in the black market and among ideologically-motivated speculators. Securities and Exchange Commission. Yes Charlie, definitely switch to one of those distros if you want to spend all your time tuning the operating system and not working And I have no idea if you are. I read that the raw computation power used for mining bitcoins is now exa-obscene and, granted, we already waste a lot of monies on video games and horrible movies. More accurately, it luno bitcoin promotion code coinbase not sending loop a legal conclusion lacking any analysis. In other words, incumbent firms in the payments-and-transfer space can co-opt it to gain efficiencies systems, lower fee structures, and provide more competitive services. So politicians are already somewhat hardened targets, with bodyguards and tight security. Indians who have long been forced to use gold jewelry due to currency controls, and have paid a high cost for doing so, will be able to save even more of their money. Far easier for a government to regulate a thousand companies than audit a million taxpayers. However, like the variable value of a penny, there appear to be ways to tame it. Paul Krugman, Bitcoin is Evil, N. As stated above, cpu mining is very ineffective and can in no serious way compete with mining on specialized hardware ASIC chips. And second, futures agreements are highly standardized to ensure that contracts can be easily traded and priced. Retrieved 2 February At some point, forwarding spam is more worthwhile. The creator s must have known that it would make it a terrible currency; it's a pretty huge disincentive to spend your money buy bitcoins near boston ethereum wallet tutorial you know it's going to be worth substantially more tomorrow.
And neither are unregulated currencies. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin was spent, which is needed to prevent double-spending. Policymakers are currently revisiting complex, interwoven regulatory frameworks— primarily banking laws, commodities laws, and securities is bitcoin mining profitable is mining burstcoin profitable shoehorn the technology into existing frameworks and consider where new ones might be appropriate. The real fun with bitcoins is once you get over the whole "it's a new currency! Bitcoin is currently being used as part of the ransom payment scheme in the CryptoLocker Malware scam, and directed at lawyers in British Columbia, Canada. But as we did have the problem the BotCoins appeared to be a proper alternative, I can kind of understand. Consider a business that develops wallet software—mobile applications that allow users to view and manage their virtual- currency balance. Wei Daicreator of b-money, and Nick Szabocreator of bit gold. Several of the contentions seem to fit just as well with cash. I'm not sure bitcoin is deflationary in the way you state. In this respect, the blockchain can be thought of as a historical record of all transactions that have occurred on the network. Further, depending on particular alternative applications of blockchain technology, some additional guidance and regulation may need to occur outside of the BSA and state banking frameworks. Just keep your Trezor safe. I tried again, taking care to coinbase td bank trust coinbase com the digits correctly this time. Libertarians have concerns with governments being able to create money at will, and feel that gold is more reliable since it is difficult to increase the supply rapidly. If my cow cannot produce anything you need, we are out of a deal. Archived from the original on 26 October will bitcoin survive bitcoin royal oak mi
Mining BTC's on stock computer is also not very effective and the profits will decrease in the future if the difficulty of mining would rise. Or so it is said BBC news. The generals can communicate only by courier. Knowing how the banks operate it is logical that they would hurry up and produce as much as these things that they possibly could while the going was good. Unlike, for instance, Marxism, Libertarianism is based on science, specifically the science of economics Archived from the original on 6 July Andreas outlined the plan: What does it cost to store and transport them securely? What will your Bitcoins be worth then?
In AprilEric Posnera law professor at the University of Chicagostated that "a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin p2p system bitcoin sign up, by contrast, seems more like a collective delusion. I looked at the tiny monochrome display on the bitcoin wallet and noticed that a countdown timer had appeared. At least one commentator has explored the possibility of managing the money supply to create a stable blockchain-based currency without the need for intermediation at all. In order to exploit this issue, an attacker would have to break into the device, destroying the case in the process. But where it's gone wrong, I feel, is that can you buy less than 1 bitcoin how many bitcoins will i get from genesis mining everyone doing anything serious with it appear to be using it as a get-rich-quick cheme instead of an actual currency. Once you have their address copied to your clipboard, open up your own Bitcoin wallet or account on Coinbase or CoinJar or other preferred cryptocurrency service. Archived from the original on 11 July Retrieved 9 June She was way funnier than Neptune's Brood protagonists. Where do I suggest otherwise?
New York Times. Why would a democratic government want to have a budget surplus? In other words, when Mother Nature controls the supply, shocks can 94 occur that are beyond control. I found an article which estimated that the total value of all the gold mined by man was slightly less than the annual NASA budget. As long as bitcoin was deflationary i. Which they can spend completely independently. The PINs were tiny, and I knew my hands would be shaking too much to use tweezers. Wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins as equivalent, establishing the basic level of fungibility. Retrieved 10 September
However, if you use it as a money, i. Once the camera detects the QR code, the app will automatically read the Bitcoin address hidden within it and fill out the necessary details for the transaction. June 6, The poster-child for imprisonment of drug users is the USA, and it's hard to avoid thinking that the US prison system has no room for rehabilitation. It exists because of the abuses. On 24 October another hard fork, Bitcoin Gold , was created. The number of users has grown significantly since , when there were ,—1. This page was last edited on 20 May , at Also, why do you think taxes are evil? The domain name "bitcoin. Business Insider.
I was eager to get started, but I had to wait until Saturday because I had to record a bunch of podcasts that afternoon. Retrieved 24 May The ride took at least 15 minutes. Also, there might be some problems with nefarious uses of potent pharmaceuticals, e. Securities and Exchange Commission. Archived from the original on 27 May Other more criminally minded people ethereum transaction fee chart rent bitcoin miner cloud into politics, and the political sphere then starts to resemble modern Russia, where politics, money and criminality are inextricably linked. As such schemes go it was clever and wildly successful, but hardly a civilisation-level threat. April It was surprisingly easy to buy stuff with the cryptocurrency. Economists define money as a store of valuea medium of exchange bitcoin mining pc build 2019 mark cuban recommended bitcoin, and a unit of account. I now have to wait over an hour to make another guess. The New York Times. Price v hype". Party A begins by broadcasting a message to the network 61 signaling the terms of the agreement. In the early days Hitler mostly wore suits in various colors, or very occasionally the Schutzstaffel black uniform for SS functions. I agree with you mostly, but want to point out that there is no need to change the modern western taxation process in any way to accommodate the use of Bitcoin in place of government issued currency.
Retrieved on 20 April The Telegraph. To editorialize briefly, BitCoin looks like it was designed as a weapon intended to damage central banking and money issuing banks, with a Libertarian political agenda in mind—to damage states ability this card type is unsupported genesis mining when will genesis mining be back in stock collect tax and monitor their citizens financial transactions. LABS Sept. Reports and financial disclosures The same techniques used to bring down something like Silk Road and things like existing CP operations will be just as effective against other illegal markets. When I tried the ethereum on coinbase antminer s7 version 7, the Trezor told me it was wrong. High price volatility and transaction fees make paying for small retail purchases with bitcoin impractical, according to economist Kim Grauer. The difference appears to be the ubiquity of violence in those days, arguably from the absence of a state enforcing its monopoly on the legitimate use of force. Sometimes people just want to store wealth. The first part of the video was just instructions for initializing the test Trezor and downgrading the firmware to version 1. Retrieved 23 July But that company offers deals of up to gigahashes per second. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 23 September See also: The full text of the BitLicense Reproposal is available at http:
One of the thing you need to understand when trying to use "untraceables bitcoins" is that every amount is fully traced. The key problem with bitcoin is that it erodes the power of states to regulate. To editorialize briefly, BitCoin looks like it was designed as a weapon intended to damage central banking and money issuing banks, with a Libertarian political agenda in mind—to damage states ability to collect tax and monitor their citizens financial transactions. My government would simply require my employer to withhold a percentage prior to the delivery of my pay and to provide accurate payroll books to the revenue service on pain of legal action. David S. A 21 22 pseudonymous inventor releases a cryptographic technology that 4J3P-V]. Another factor is the resilience concerning advances in new algorithms and hardware. I want Bitcoin to die in a fire: I cannot think of any reason why deflation in and of itself would actually tend to help an electronic currency supplant paper currencies. I know of no study that measures the real Gini coefficient of the Bitcoin economy. The Krebs article is an illustration of Napoleoni's core argument: A hardware wallet peripheral which processes bitcoin payments without exposing any credentials to the computer.
And so on. To make matters worse, its price had been climbing steeply over the summer with no end in sight. The video was a screen capture of his computer display, showing Linux line commands that he was entering in a terminal window. To editorialize briefly, BitCoin looks like it was designed as a weapon intended to damage central banking and money issuing banks, with a Libertarian political agenda in mind—to damage states ability to collect tax and monitor their citizens financial transactions. The institute of economic affairs. The New York Times. A professional can extract all information just in 10 seconds. I don't even know if you are a real person who really owns a Trezor. I am a great admirer of your work, so it really pains me to see that you've made this post based on fundamentally inaccurate information. Retrieved 22 October Rent it and your landlord has to pay the full amount and pass the cost on to you. My wife, a journalist and editor, had interviewed Michele a few years ago for an article about hypnotism in movies, and I was so desperate to recall my PIN that I made an appointment with her. Retrieved 14 June Its display showed an exclamation point in a triangular icon and said:.
After acknowledging my general ignorance, the bare basics I learnt in high school told me that one thing a currency should strive to be is representative of the volume of an economy "volume" basically means "number of transactions" for the uneducated. Since transactions can have multiple outputs, users can equihash mining hardware equihash on rx 480 speed bitcoins to multiple recipients in one transaction. However, the line between the two may not always be clear. My cryptocurrency stash was starting to turn into some real money. Thanks for this rant. August Payments-infrastructure initiatives are emerging in many countries across the world, driven by both public and private actors. I remembered a warning Andreas had given me: Archived from the monero 290x or 390x 1060 hashrate for monero on 13 January The orange piece of paper was decomposing somewhere under a pile of garbage in a Los Angeles landfill. Daily Express. Retrieved 1 July check trezor balance on android bip100 bitcoin Help Center Find new research papers in: She explained that we were trying different techniques to trigger the memory of the PIN. The Guardian. I'm libertarian, but I understand economy. Archived from the original on 20 January Physical wallets store the credentials necessary to spend bitcoins offline and can be as simple as a paper printout of the private key. The scheme eventually requires a money-laundering vendor, and so brings bitcoin onto the radar of folks who worry about money laundering. I entered the PIN slowly. As of [update]The Economist estimated that even if all miners used modern facilities, the combined electricity consumption would be
I thought BitCoin was a bad idea. To claim the reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included with the processed payments. Archived from the original on 12 March And it provides bitcoin builder reddit is neo gas a ponzi scheme benefit of a fully antminer nicehash rig name in mining ledger of all transactions. Archived from the original on 18 September Retrieved 30 November Main point that did it for me is that Bitcoin appears to promote hoarding instead of getting things. Third, a company that mines virtual currency miner-company is not a money transmitter in certain instances. A malicious provider or a breach in server security may cause entrusted bitcoins to be stolen. Cambridge University. Archived from the original on 20 October They're simply more convenient. The first order unintended consequence was conditional order bittrex paxful is a ripoff drive by the Colombian drug cartels into the Euro. Beyond Bitcoin:
Authorities will bring down 'hammer' on bitcoin". You also keep the financial privacy. Fuck the both of you, I thought. My sense was that the earlier spike early this year was driven by speculators. To control a globally unregulated digital currency you need a globally regulated internet - a mandatory surveillance program on every computer hard-wired into the CPU, obviously. List of bitcoin companies List of bitcoin organizations List of people in blockchain technology. And the fact that there was no central bank to prevent run-away deflation was considered a good thing. Money ceases to have value when it is no longer scarce. Bitcoin is "not actually usable" for retail transactions because of high costs and the inability to process chargebacks , according to Nicholas Weaver, a researcher quoted by Bloomberg. Computing power is often bundled together or "pooled" to reduce variance in miner income.
Mark J. There was no sound. Yes, some small portion of people will use bitcoin to do bad things. Bitcoin software Alternative currencies Application bitcoin mine faster estimated final bitcoin pirce protocols Computer-related introductions in Cryptocurrencies Currencies introduced in Digital currencies. Retrieved 24 May Scripting and Sidechains Potential applications of blockchain technology are not limited to money transfers and payments. Archived from the original on 23 January Here's what Warren Buffett is saying". Archived from the original on 12 January And in practice, this is the fruit of good government and a pretty strong measure of social order. In all these situations there is either a PIN code or recovery seed needed to get an access to your funds.
See supra text accompanying note Emily Dreyfuss Emily Dreyfuss. State and provincial securities regulators, coordinated through the North American Securities Administrators Association , are investigating "bitcoin scams" and ICOs in 40 jurisdictions. I'm all for supply and demand free markets. At each layer of regulation, it examines open issues that present uncertainty and opportunity for further clarification. The Bitcoin Foundation was founded in September to promote bitcoin's development and uptake. DRM technology essentially embedded U. The Laffer curve is of course unrelated to the matter of tax dodging and tax avoidance. I am somewhat busy at the moment; I hope that you are not in too much hurry to complete it? I'm a libertarian and I don't really see Bitcoin as an issue at all. Was Ellen Ullman's cypherpunk boyfriend described in her amazing memoir "Close to the Machine," a proto-bitcoin guy? The key problem with bitcoin is that it erodes the power of states to regulate. I hope BTC opens the door for better things I used bitcoin at Meltdown Comics in Los Angeles to buy graphic novels.
We haven't had debt-deflation in the developed world -- except in some highly specialized most profitable gpu mining 2019 redeem code for hashflare the cost of microelectronics, for example, over the past 30 years -- for the best part of a century. Archived from the original on 24 September Legality of bitcoin by country or territory. Saleem and Andreas had told me that if my Trezor did have a passphrase, then it really was game. Most currency markets have a dampening effect because the currency is backed by a money, and the free-flowing currency is usually small compared to the GDP of the associated economy. Cash, x as much of it in the US. THe last historian of economics by training I spoke to defined inflation simply as an increase in prices. Couldn't we expend that computing power on more worthwhile projects? Daily Herald. And so on. For an interactive, nautical-themed representation of this concept, see What Is the Deep Web?
One prominent example in this space is Ripple, a company that has designed a protocol similar to Bitcoin for routing payments and settling funds. See supra notes —56 and accompanying text. Archived from the original on 9 April The process gave rise to two comment periods that elicited thousands of letters expressing a wide range of opinions. Retrieved 16 March I guess you're right. Currently, payment processors assume the exchange-rate risk from merchants. I read that the raw computation power used for mining bitcoins is now exa-obscene and, granted, we already waste a lot of monies on video games and horrible movies. Andreas suggested we set up a private chat with Saleem on the Telegram app. Further, I don't think that the "stolen computing infrastructure" part is of much ongoing relevance. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust. At this point, the Speculators start to sell, but the True Believers see only cheap coins, and buy instead. The successful miner finding the new block is allowed to reward themselves with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees. Paying for medical services and prescription drugs creates records if you are so unfortunate to live in a place where this is how things are done.
Transactions are defined using a Forth -like scripting language. I think that's a dangerous statement to make in view of its extreme volatility. That's like saying that SMS or Email was created with a political agenda. I founded the popular Boing Boing website, which has 5 million monthly unique readers. In the long run I see crashing the property market as a feature not a bug. Neptune's Brood — Charlie's Diary". Pretty much all currency has no real value in itself, the value comes from other people being willing to trade things for it. Archived from the original on 18 May Because I don't see how it possibly. I tried again, taking care bitcoin prediction for 20 years dogecoin wallet location enter the digits correctly this time. Thus, a potentially infinite chain of messages is required to reach consensus. See 12 C. The ASIC-based miners seem to get several orders of magnitude of improved hash rates, which seems like it isn't being accounted .
What was wrong with my brain? Retrieved 1 July Given its features, it is a technology uniquely capable of performing several key components of a transaction—recordkeeping, auditing, monitoring, enforcement, or asset custody that is, escrow —in addition to facilitating the trade itself. Retrieved 26 June The purpose of taxation is suppress certain economic behavior and favor other. Retrieved 13 June Very soon it will be years between guesses. Because of bitcoin's decentralized nature and its trading on online exchanges located in many countries, regulation of bitcoin has been difficult. Archived PDF from the original on 18 January I figured I should just go with it, because maybe it would work anyway. Get them using a fiat currency, then show them the power of deflation. Satoshi Nakamoto stated in his white paper that: The documentary The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin portrays the diversity of motives behind the use of bitcoin by interviewing people who use it. Even of they are now, they won't be if what you suggest looks like happening The standard story glosses over this to an astonishing degree. Sometimes people just want to store wealth. The problem today is that there is no tax limit. I taped it down on the table, like Saleem had. Retrieved 4 November